Ward, SC Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
Hot Rankings
The chance of earthquake damage in Ward is lower than South Carolina average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Ward is higher than South Carolina average and is higher than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #191
| Ward, SC | 0.19 |
| South Carolina | 0.49 |
| U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
| Ward, SC | 0.0000 |
| South Carolina | 0.0000 |
| U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #65
| Ward, SC | 170.90 |
| South Carolina | 136.91 |
| U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 3,644 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Ward, SC were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
| Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
| Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 0 | Cold: | 10 | Dense Fog: | 3 | Drought: | 57 |
| Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 144 | Hail: | 1,076 | Heat: | 9 | Heavy Snow: | 14 |
| High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 1 | Ice Storm: | 18 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 26 |
| Thunderstorm Winds: | 2,123 | Tropical Storm: | 6 | Wildfire: | 0 | Winter Storm: | 24 | Winter Weather: | 15 |
| Other: | 118 | ||||||||
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near Ward, SC.
Historical Earthquake Events
A total of 3 historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3.5 or above found in or near Ward, SC.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Latitude | Longitude |
| 46.3 | 1945-07-26 | 5.6 | N/A | 34.5 | -81.5 |
| 43.5 | 1974-08-02 | 4.9 | 1 | 33.87 | -82.49 |
| 16.5 | 1968-09-22 | 3.7 | N/A | 34 | -81.5 |
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 64 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Ward, SC.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
| 6.1 | 1998-05-07 | 2 | 33°50'N / 81°53'W | 33°50'N / 81°47'W | 6.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 2 | 500K | 0 | Edgefield |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado touched down west of Johnston and moved into the community just after 8 pm EDT causing major damage to several homes and businesses. | |||||||||||
| 8.5 | 1955-03-13 | 2 | 33°51'N / 81°40'W | 33°53'N / 81°30'W | 9.90 Miles | 133 Yards | 2 | 10 | 250K | 0 | Saluda |
| 9.7 | 1992-11-22 | 2 | 33°53'N / 81°50'W | 34°06'N / 81°32'W | 29.00 Miles | 550 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Saluda |
| 12.7 | 1992-11-22 | 3 | 33°58'N / 81°53'W | 34°07'N / 81°34'W | 21.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 1 | 9 | 2.5M | 0 | Saluda |
| 15.0 | 1998-05-07 | 3 | 33°53'N / 82°02'W | 33°52'N / 81°57'W | 5.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 0 | 300K | 0 | Edgefield |
| Brief Description: An F3 tornado touched down near SC highway 61 and moved east to SC highway 36 taking down numerous trees and causing major and minor damage to several homes. | |||||||||||
| 16.4 | 1992-11-22 | 3 | 33°52'N / 82°08'W | 33°58'N / 81°53'W | 15.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Edgefield |
| 18.8 | 2010-03-28 | 2 | 33°59'N / 81°30'W | 34°02'N / 81°25'W | 5.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 1 | 1.0M | 10K | Lexington |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: An EF2 with max winds of 125mph touched down near Ridge Road and continued northeast to Lake Murray. Around 40 homes had some form of damage with numerous trees and powerlines down. Several vehicles were also damaged and there was one minor injury. One horse was killed when a portion of a barn collapsed. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Several supercell thunderstorms moved through the CSRA and Midlands and spawned several tornadoes. Many homes were damaged in Lexington county with several others in Edgefield county. Numerous trees were also taken down. | |||||||||||
| 18.9 | 1998-05-07 | 3 | 33°40'N / 82°04'W | 33°39'N / 81°51'W | 12.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 1 | 9 | 1.0M | 0 | Edgefield |
| Brief Description: An F3 tornado either destroyed or severely damaged around 60 homes and mobile homes and a church. One person was killed when her mobile home took a direct hit and was completely destroyed. Widespread trees were taken down. F38MH | |||||||||||
| 20.2 | 1957-04-05 | 2 | 33°50'N / 81°32'W | 34°02'N / 81°15'W | 21.30 Miles | 40 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Lexington |
| 20.7 | 1992-11-22 | 2 | 34°06'N / 81°32'W | 34°07'N / 81°32'W | 1.00 Mile | 550 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Newberry |
| 22.5 | 2010-03-28 | 2 | 33°37'N / 82°02'W | 33°39'N / 82°00'W | 2.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 20K | Edgefield |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: An EF2 tornado touched down on hwy 230 near Stevens Creek and took down numerous trees and powerlines. Two homes had moderate damage and a mobile home had half of its roof torn off. A motor home was also crushed from a tree falling on it. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Several supercell thunderstorms moved through the CSRA and Midlands and spawned several tornadoes. Many homes were damaged in Lexington county with several others in Edgefield county. Numerous trees were also taken down. | |||||||||||
| 23.6 | 1973-12-13 | 3 | 34°10'N / 81°54'W | 34°11'N / 81°52'W | 2.30 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Newberry |
| 26.5 | 1973-12-13 | 3 | 34°12'N / 81°43'W | 34°14'N / 81°25'W | 17.30 Miles | 200 Yards | 1 | 5 | 2.5M | 0 | Newberry |
| 26.6 | 2008-03-15 | 3 | 34°13'N / 81°45'W | 34°12'N / 81°20'W | 24.00 Miles | 1320 Yards | 2 | 2 | 0K | 0K | Newberry |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: NWS Storm Survey found an EF3 tornado touched down near Silverstreet and continued east through Prosperity then crossed into Richald county where it dissipated. Many homes in Prosperity were heavily damaged. Numerous trees and powerlines were down. There were 2 injuries. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Seven supercells tracked across our South Carolina County Warning Area and produced many long-lived tornadoes that did significant damage. Over 85 homes were destroyed, around 400 had moderate damage, and estimates for the total devastation were around 40 million dollars. | |||||||||||
| 26.6 | 1973-12-13 | 3 | 34°08'N / 82°10'W | 34°10'N / 81°54'W | 15.40 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 26 | 2.5M | 0 | Greenwood |
| 27.4 | 1992-11-22 | 3 | 33°49'N / 82°17'W | 33°52'N / 82°08'W | 8.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Mccormick |
| 27.7 | 1994-08-16 | 2 | 33°54'N / 81°15'W | 2.00 Miles | 25 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Lexington | |
| Brief Description: Tornado demolished the north portion of a mini-warehouse complex near the SC602 and SC6 intersection. It moved northward and overturned three cars in Redbank, blew down trees and power lines. | |||||||||||
| 27.8 | 1973-12-13 | 4 | 34°11'N / 82°01'W | 1.00 Mile | 50 Yards | 2 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Greenwood | |
| 27.9 | 1992-11-22 | 3 | 34°07'N / 81°34'W | 34°16'N / 81°21'W | 18.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Newberry |
| 27.9 | 1994-08-16 | 3 | 33°55'N / 81°15'W | 0.30 Mile | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Lexington | |
| Brief Description: Tornado completely destroyed a square stick frame home. | |||||||||||
| 28.8 | 2008-03-15 | 2 | 33°29'N / 81°54'W | 33°24'N / 81°28'W | 25.00 Miles | 1760 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Aiken |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: Extensive damage in the Clearwater area. Numerous trees and powerlines down along the entire track, especially in the Clearwater area. Many homes had severe damage to roofs and stuctures. Some roofs were gone. The water tower had its top taken off and deposited several hundred yards away. Damage path was a mile wide a some points. It was amazing there were no injuries or deaths. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Seven supercells tracked across our South Carolina County Warning Area and produced many long-lived tornadoes that did significant damage. Over 85 homes were destroyed, around 400 had moderate damage, and estimates for the total devastation were around 40 million dollars. | |||||||||||
| 29.9 | 1973-12-13 | 2 | 34°10'N / 81°24'W | 34°10'N / 81°20'W | 3.80 Miles | 20 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Newberry |
| 32.2 | 2009-04-10 | 3 | 33°24'N / 81°51'W | 33°23'N / 81°36'W | 15.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 14 | 5.0M | 0K | Aiken |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The supercell coming out of Richmond county GA spawned another tornado in Aiken county that did widespread damage. Many homes and business were severely damaged. Numerous trees and powerlines were down and there were around a dozen minor injuries. The tornado tracked along hwy 278. There was also one indirect death of a man who crashed trying to avoid trees on the highway and was killed. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Supercell thunderstorms moved across the lower midlands and produced large tornadoes. Other storms in the central midlands produced large hail and microburst wind damage. The largest tornado tracked across Aiken county along highway 278. There was one indirect fatality and around a dozen people were sent to the hospital. Several homes were destroyed and many had moderate to severe damage. Widespread trees and powerlines were also down in Aiken county. Total damage estimate was 6 million dollars. | |||||||||||
| 32.6 | 2003-02-22 | 2 | 33°35'N / 82°13'W | 33°36'N / 82°11'W | 2.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 310K | 2K | Columbia |
| Brief Description: A combination of an intense microburst and a tornado produced winds estimated at 120-130mph. A barn and camper trailer. Moderate damage was done to 4 homes with minor damage to 34 other homes. Debris from the barn was found a mile downstream. The microburst width was 1/8-1/4 mile wide with the vortex circulation about 50 yds wide. | |||||||||||
| 33.1 | 1973-12-13 | 3 | 34°16'N / 82°03'W | 34°17'N / 81°59'W | 4.10 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.5M | 0 | Laurens |
| 33.2 | 1989-11-15 | 2 | 34°13'N / 82°07'W | 0.70 Mile | 267 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Greenwood | |
| 33.6 | 1960-03-30 | 2 | 34°15'N / 81°27'W | 34°16'N / 81°21'W | 5.90 Miles | 57 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Newberry |
| 33.9 | 1991-03-01 | 2 | 33°22'N / 81°42'W | 1.50 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Aiken | |
| 34.0 | 1989-05-01 | 2 | 33°24'N / 81°26'W | 33°30'N / 81°22'W | 4.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 12 | 2.5M | 0 | Barnwell |
| 34.0 | 1998-05-07 | 2 | 33°43'N / 82°18'W | 33°43'N / 82°18'W | 0.50 Mile | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 350K | 0 | Lincoln |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado destroyed 7 homes and did major and minor damage to about a dozen others at Indian Cove. | |||||||||||
| 34.2 | 1984-03-28 | 2 | 34°14'N / 81°45'W | 34°27'N / 81°28'W | 23.00 Miles | 1000 Yards | 1 | 38 | 25.0M | 0 | Newberry |
| 34.5 | 2009-04-10 | 3 | 33°27'N / 82°09'W | 33°25'N / 81°57'W | 12.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 12 | 5.0M | 0K | Richmond |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A supercell tornado continued out of Columbia county and tracked across the Augusta area severely damaging many homes and business and taking down numerous trees and powerlines. One hundred and fifty people had to be evacuated from a nursing home that was damaged and there were around a dozen minor injuries. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Supercell thunderstorms moved across the CSRA and produced large tornadoes. One tornado tracked across Columbia and Richmond counties then went into Aiken county South Carolina along highway 278. The second tornado tracked across Burke county then into lower Barnwell and Allendale counties in South Carolina. Several homes were destroyed and many had moderate to severe damage. Widespread trees and powerlines were also down. Total damage estimate was 3 million dollars. | |||||||||||
| 34.7 | 1991-03-03 | 2 | 33°19'N / 81°37'W | 33°25'N / 81°35'W | 6.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Aiken |
| 35.6 | 1973-12-13 | 3 | 34°16'N / 82°10'W | 34°16'N / 82°03'W | 6.60 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 2 | 2.5M | 0 | Greenwood |
| 35.6 | 1973-12-13 | 2 | 34°12'N / 81°32'W | 34°12'N / 81°00'W | 30.50 Miles | 80 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Newberry |
| 35.7 | 1963-09-28 | 2 | 33°30'N / 81°17'W | 0.50 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Orangeburg | |
| 35.9 | 1964-08-29 | 2 | 34°08'N / 81°12'W | 1.00 Mile | 67 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Richland | |
| 36.6 | 1991-03-03 | 2 | 33°19'N / 81°38'W | 33°21'N / 81°38'W | 5.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Aiken |
| 37.7 | 1984-03-28 | 3 | 34°19'N / 81°25'W | 34°20'N / 81°22'W | 4.00 Miles | 870 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Newberry |
| 38.1 | 1992-11-22 | 3 | 33°41'N / 82°29'W | 33°49'N / 82°17'W | 5.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Lincoln |
| 38.5 | 2009-04-10 | 2 | 33°28'N / 82°15'W | 33°27'N / 82°09'W | 6.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 0 | 1.0M | 0K | Columbia |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A supercell tornado tracked across Columbia county from northeast of Harlem through Grovetown damaging many homes and taking down numerous trees and powerlines. Several vehicles were crushed and there were about a dozen minor injuries. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Supercell thunderstorms moved across the CSRA and produced large tornadoes. One tornado tracked across Columbia and Richmond counties then went into Aiken county South Carolina along highway 278. The second tornado tracked across Burke county then into lower Barnwell and Allendale counties in South Carolina. Several homes were destroyed and many had moderate to severe damage. Widespread trees and powerlines were also down. Total damage estimate was 3 million dollars. | |||||||||||
| 39.1 | 1975-02-18 | 2 | 33°22'N / 81°25'W | 33°22'N / 81°22'W | 3.30 Miles | 67 Yards | 0 | 5 | 250K | 0 | Barnwell |
| 39.2 | 2000-12-17 | 2 | 33°19'N / 81°58'W | 33°20'N / 81°58'W | 2.00 Miles | 60 Yards | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | Richmond |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado intermittently touched down along a 2 mile path. Extensive damage was done to the Timberidge subdivision and to other homes and mobile homes along its path. Eight people were injurred, one seriously. There were no deaths. | |||||||||||
| 39.8 | 1978-07-25 | 2 | 33°34'N / 81°08'W | 0.10 Mile | 10 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Orangeburg | |
| 39.9 | 1975-09-17 | 2 | 33°17'N / 81°49'W | 1.00 Mile | 37 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Aiken | |
| 40.0 | 1997-07-23 | 2 | 33°51'N / 81°03'W | 33°53'N / 81°01'W | 3.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 1 | 6 | 917K | 25K | Lexington |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado producing winds to 150 mph killed a 32 year old female and injured 6 others. Two homes were destroyed and 9 others had major damage. Two apartements were destroyed (duplex). Seven mobile homes were destroyed and 94 had minor damage. Numerous trees were down and two crop fields had areas of destroyed crops. F32PH | |||||||||||
| 41.2 | 1960-03-30 | 2 | 34°25'N / 82°00'W | 34°27'N / 81°50'W | 9.80 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Laurens |
| 41.3 | 1957-04-05 | 2 | 33°28'N / 82°24'W | 33°28'N / 82°09'W | 14.40 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Columbia |
| 41.3 | 1973-03-31 | 4 | 34°15'N / 82°17'W | 34°16'N / 82°15'W | 2.70 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Greenwood |
| 41.8 | 1956-04-06 | 2 | 34°08'N / 82°23'W | 34°12'N / 82°20'W | 5.40 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Abbeville |
| 42.1 | 1975-11-12 | 2 | 34°00'N / 81°01'W | 2.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 7 | 250K | 0 | Richland | |
| 42.6 | 1998-05-07 | 2 | 33°46'N / 82°28'W | 33°46'N / 82°28'W | 1.00 Mile | 200 Yards | 0 | 8 | 300K | 0 | Lincoln |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado hit the Pine Woods subdivision destryoing 12 homes and causing major damage to 15 homes and minor damage to 8 homes. | |||||||||||
| 43.8 | 1998-03-08 | 2 | 33°32'N / 81°05'W | 33°32'N / 81°04'W | 1.30 Miles | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 80K | 0 | Orangeburg |
| Brief Description: An F2 tornado tracked along highway 4 near Pine Hill. It picked up 2 mobile homes, took them 35 ft into the air, and brought them down on top of a 35 ft by 75 ft cinder block building 30 yards away completely destroying the mobile homes and the building. Other damage was done to a couple other mobile and permanent homes, and also to a church roof. A second 12 ft by 24 ft cinder block building was also demolished. | |||||||||||
| 44.2 | 1984-03-28 | 3 | 34°20'N / 81°22'W | 34°21'N / 81°05'W | 15.00 Miles | 870 Yards | 0 | 10 | 2.5M | 0 | Fairfield |
| 44.3 | 1991-03-29 | 2 | 33°13'N / 81°41'W | 0.20 Mile | 10 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Aiken | |
| 44.5 | 2009-04-10 | 2 | 34°11'N / 82°28'W | 34°10'N / 82°21'W | 7.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 2 | 1.0M | 0K | Abbeville |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: NWS survey found an extensive area of damage in the city of Abbeville consistent with a strong EF2 tornado. The tornado began near the intersection of highway 71 and Rock Hill Rd before moving east/southeast through the city of Abbeville. The main areas affected in the city were Church Street, McGowan, Ave, Main St, and especially Secession Ave. The roofs were blown off about a half dozen frame homes in the city, while numerous mobile homes were heavily damaged or destroyed. A few other office buildings and businesses received major roof damage in this area. Numerous trees were snapped off or uprooted along the path. One tree fell through a home, injuring the man inside. Another man caught outside received head injuries from flying debris. The tornado lifted about a mile east/southeast of the city. The tornado was produced by a supercell embedded in a line of rapidly moving storms. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Supercell thunderstorms moved into the western upstate in the early evening hours. As the evening progressed, the supercells tended to evolve into a series of bow echoes. Tornadoes were spawned by the supercells and the resultant bow echoes. There was also quite a bit of large hail and straight-line wind damage in places as well. The most significant damage occurred in Greenwood and Abbeville Counties, though tornadoes also caused damage in parts of Anderson and Union Counties as well. | |||||||||||
| 44.5 | 1990-01-29 | 2 | 33°20'N / 82°11'W | 0.90 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 6 | 250K | 0 | Richmond | |
| 44.6 | 1976-05-15 | 2 | 34°02'N / 81°00'W | 34°05'N / 80°59'W | 3.80 Miles | 40 Yards | 1 | 3 | 250K | 0 | Richland |
| 45.1 | 1973-03-31 | 4 | 34°05'N / 82°34'W | 34°15'N / 82°17'W | 19.90 Miles | 200 Yards | 7 | 30 | 2.5M | 0 | Abbeville |
| 45.5 | 1957-04-05 | 2 | 33°28'N / 82°24'W | 33°30'N / 82°22'W | 3.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Columbia |
| 46.5 | 1989-10-01 | 2 | 33°09'N / 81°42'W | 33°15'N / 81°25'W | 16.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Barnwell |
| 47.0 | 2005-01-13 | 2 | 34°24'N / 82°08'W | 34°33'N / 82°01'W | 12.00 Miles | 350 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.0M | 0 | Laurens |
| Brief Description: This tornado touched down in the Ekom Community southwest of the city of Laurens, where it damaged a couple of mobile homes. The tornado then tracked northeast to the area around Laurens High School, where some small sheds were destroyed and a portion of the roof removed from a house. At the high school, the roof of a brick concession facility was blown off. Just east of the school, a mobile home was destroyed and a building received significant roof damage. The tornado continued northeast toward the Whelon Rd area, uprooting and snapping off several large trees. A small, frame guest house was damaged and a tractor overturned in this area. The tornado continued to snap and uproot large trees as it moved toward Welcome Church Rd, where 4 mobile homes were damaged and a frame home received minor roof damage. The damage path continued northeast, but ended about 200 yards north of highway 14. After briefly lifting, the tornado struck a tire distribution center just north of the highway 221 I-385 exchange. The roof of a building at the plant was damaged, which sparked a large fire in the building, burning it to the ground. An employee at the plant received minor injuries when debris fell on him. The tornado dissipated near highway 221 north of Laurens. | |||||||||||
| 47.0 | 1976-05-15 | 2 | 33°28'N / 81°02'W | 33°31'N / 81°03'W | 3.80 Miles | 40 Yards | 0 | 3 | 250K | 0 | Orangeburg |
| 49.3 | 1957-04-05 | 2 | 33°28'N / 82°30'W | 33°28'N / 82°24'W | 5.90 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Warren |
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.