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Fort Madison, IA Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes

 
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The chance of earthquake damage in Fort Madison is about the same as Iowa average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Fort Madison is lower than Iowa average and is higher than the national average.

Topics:Earthquake IndexVolcano IndexTornado IndexOther Weather Extremes EventsVolcanos NearbyHistorical Earthquake EventsHistorical Tornado Events

Earthquake Index, #161

Fort Madison, IA
0.01
Iowa
0.00
U.S.
1.81

The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.

Volcano Index, #1

Fort Madison, IA
0.0000
Iowa
0.0000
U.S.
0.0023

The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.

Tornado Index, #894

Fort Madison, IA
187.91
Iowa
236.74
U.S.
136.45

The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.

Other Weather Extremes Events

A total of 3,391 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Fort Madison, IA were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:

TypeCountTypeCountTypeCountTypeCountTypeCount
Avalanche:0Blizzard:21Cold:36Dense Fog:25Drought:26
Dust Storm:0Flood:449Hail:958Heat:22Heavy Snow:62
High Surf:0Hurricane:0Ice Storm:33Landslide:0Strong Wind:66
Thunderstorm Winds:1,349Tropical Storm:0Wildfire:0Winter Storm:64Winter Weather:51
Other:229 

Volcanos Nearby

No volcano is found in or near Fort Madison, IA.

Historical Earthquake Events

No historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3.5 or above found in or near Fort Madison, IA.

No historical earthquake events found in or near Fort Madison, IA.

Historical Tornado Events

A total of 73 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Fort Madison, IA.

Distance (miles)DateMagnitudeStart Lat/LogEnd Lat/LogLengthWidthFatalitiesInjuriesProperty DamageCrop DamageAffected County
3.81967-04-30240°38'N / 91°19'W40°40'N / 91°16'W2.30 Miles400 Yards00250K0Lee
6.01967-01-24340°40'N / 91°19'W40°42'N / 91°14'W4.30 Miles300 Yards16250K0Lee
6.91960-03-29240°40'N / 91°20'W40°46'N / 91°18'W6.60 Miles200 Yards003K0Lee
8.22003-05-10240°32'N / 91°35'W40°38'N / 91°25'W11.50 Miles200 Yards001.0M0Lee
 Brief Description: Tornado developed 1.5 miles west of Argyle at 1728 CST and moved northeast for 11.5 miles before dissipating 1.3 miles North of Viele at 1747 CST. A maximum rating of F2 was noted just west of Argyle where a house was turned approximately 120 degrees and moved 25 to 40 feet off its foundation. Three teens ran inside the house and sought shelter, 2 in an interior bathroom and the other under the stairs. Three large trees on the back edge of the property stopped the house and likely prevented the teens from being injured or killed. The remainder of the damage path saw F0 and F1 damage.
9.61954-04-30240°40'N / 91°30'W40°48'N / 91°25'W9.90 Miles200 Yards01250K0Lee
10.11967-01-24240°42'N / 91°14'W40°45'N / 91°12'W3.00 Miles200 Yards04250K0Lee
16.51999-04-08340°21'N / 91°27'W40°25'N / 91°20'W7.50 Miles200 Yards0015.0M0Hancock
 Brief Description: A tornado developed just west of Warsaw in Hancock County and produced F2 damage to homes in the south part of the community. 2 homes were destroyed while another 30 structures suffered damage, including the high school track and football field and fairgrounds. Trees and branches were blown down in many parts of town. The tornado moved northeast into Hamilton where F3 damage occurred. The tornado destroyed or damaged 144 homes and businesses amounting to 10 million dollars in total damage. 4 people suffered minor injuries. The KHQA-TV tower and KOKX radio tower were destroyed. Governor George Ryan declared Hancock County a state disaster area. The tornado weakened and lifted just northeast of Hamilton. Strong thunderstorms continued over much of Hamilton County in the wake of the tornado producing torrential rain and water over various roads in town.
17.21977-05-04240°47'N / 91°36'W2.00 Miles60 Yards00250K0Lee
17.31965-08-25340°52'N / 91°18'W3.00 Miles100 Yards01250K0Des Moines
17.31977-05-04240°52'N / 91°18'W2.00 Miles10 Yards0025K0Des Moines
20.61974-04-13340°16'N / 91°29'W40°23'N / 91°20'W11.00 Miles700 Yards002.5M0Hancock
20.91964-04-26240°36'N / 91°45'W2.00 Miles200 Yards0025K0Van Buren
22.41973-05-01340°25'N / 91°44'W40°27'N / 91°40'W3.60 Miles440 Yards2202.5M0Clark
22.81974-04-13240°17'N / 91°30'W40°19'N / 91°25'W4.30 Miles100 Yards0025K0Clark
23.62003-05-10240°12'N / 91°20'W40°27'N / 90°55'W28.40 Miles200 Yards00400K0Hancock
 Brief Description: Tornado developed in Adams County (WFO LSX) and moved northeast, entering Hancock county 1.2 miles southeast of Tioga at 1749 CST. The tornado moved in a northeast direction for 10.7 miles, passing 2.5 miles south of Basco where F2 damage was noted, and then turned slightly right. The tornado continued northeast for 17.7 miles, passing 1.2 miles south of Bentley and exited into McDonough County 3.9 miles SE of Fountain Green at 1830 CST. Most damage along the path in Hancock County was F0 and F1. The tornado was on the ground for a total of 28.4 miles in Hancock County.
23.91964-08-20240°41'N / 91°48'W0.30 Mile50 Yards00250K0Van Buren
26.51954-04-30240°17'N / 91°44'W40°24'N / 91°40'W8.30 Miles100 Yards0025K0Boone
26.81977-05-04240°58'N / 91°33'W41°00'N / 91°31'W01250K0Henry
27.81966-05-23240°58'N / 91°11'W41°01'N / 91°07'W4.10 Miles100 Yards00250K0Des Moines
28.31974-05-13241°00'N / 91°09'W1.00 Mile50 Yards00250K0Des Moines
28.61959-05-09340°52'N / 91°47'W40°54'N / 91°46'W01250K0Van Buren
28.81967-04-21240°53'N / 91°56'W41°04'N / 91°21'W32.80 Miles100 Yards00250K0Van Buren
30.21967-01-24240°51'N / 90°56'W40°55'N / 90°51'W5.70 Miles77 Yards0025K0Henderson
31.02003-05-10240°08'N / 91°30'W40°13'N / 91°21'W10.00 Miles300 Yards0400Adams
 Brief Description: The tornado that hit Canton, Missouri crossed the Mississippi River Lock and Dam 20 just southwest of Meyer. The tornado was weak, F0 in intensity, as it moved east northeast across the Illinois flood plain causing only sporadic tree damage. The tornado began to strengthen as it moved off the flood plain and severely damaged a home and garage along County Road 603 about 1 mile southwest of Lima. The tornado reached its maximum strength just southwest of Lima where it caused major damage. The tornado cut a 200-300 yard wide path of damage across the north side of Lima. About 40-50 structures were damaged by the tornado. Several barns and similar type buildings were destroyed as were 2 mobile homes. One frame house lost its entire roof with several others suffering major roof damage. There were only 4 injuries as everyone took shelter in basements or interior rooms.
31.11995-05-13240°28'N / 92°01'W40°30'N / 91°49'W8.00 Miles200 Yards03630K0Clark
 Brief Description: A tornado touched down near Arbela damaging at least half a dozen moble homes at a camp ground. As it moved east, just north of Highway 136, several homes, businesses, barns, and outbuildings were destroyed. Two people were slightly injured when the windows in their car shattered as the vehicle was tossed around by the tornado. A woman was injured in the Granger area when the roof of her home was torn off and a 2x6 support beam fell in. The tornado crossed the county line around 1430 CST and leveled a home and nearby farm before dissipating over an open field northeast of Luray.
32.81974-04-13240°14'N / 90°57'W40°18'N / 90°55'W4.30 Miles500 Yards0102.5M0Hancock
33.81974-04-13240°18'N / 90°55'W40°26'N / 90°41'W15.20 Miles500 Yards00250K0Mcdonough
33.81959-05-09340°54'N / 91°46'W41°09'N / 91°40'W17.80 Miles250 Yards00250K0Jefferson
34.22006-04-02240°45'N / 92°00'W40°47'N / 91°57'W3.00 Miles100 Yards0030K0Van Buren
 Brief Description: Rated F2. Tornado touched down about 0.5 miles west of Pittsburg near a cemetery and continued northeast for 3 miles just along the west edge of the Des Moines River. Along this path, 2 homes were unroofed and 4 outbuildings were destroyed. Many trees were snapped or uprooted and power poles were blown down.
34.31999-04-05240°32'N / 90°43'W40°37'N / 90°41'W6.40 Miles100 Yards006K0Mcdonough
 Brief Description: The tornado first touched down along Highway 9 southwest of Good Hope snapping several trees. From there the tornado moved northeast across Town Fork Creek damaging several trees in a densely wooded area and snapping two large trees along a county road. Damage along this path was rated F0. As the tornado continued northeast it moved through plowed farmland and approached a homestead along north-south county road west of Good Hope. The house sustained no structural damage, but several outbuildings suffered substantial damage. An older concrete block hog house was destroyed while the roof and sides of a new machine shed were torn off. A grain bin was blown about 500 yards from the home site into a neighboring field. Damage along this path was rated F2. For the next several miles the tornado tracked through plowed farmland snapping a few trees and blowing over several fences. The tornado then approached US Highway 67 just south of the McDonough-Warren County line. The tornado snapped two very large oak trees at a homestead with one landing on the house. It continued on a northeast track snapping several trees and damaging a roof on a homestead just south of the county line. Damage along this path was rated F1. The tornado then crossed from McDonough county into Warren county just east of highway 67. As the tornado continued northeast it hit a group of farm buildings north of the county line. Three of the buildings sustained major damage. A corn crib was blown on it's side while the roof of a barn and shed were destroyed. Damage along this path was rated F1. The tornado tracked into the south side of Swan Creek destroying a grain elevator. Just northeast of the elevator the walls of a concrete block machine shop were blown in and the building was completely destroyed. As is continued northeast it toppled several trees and antennae. Other damage in Swan Creek included two porches torn off homesteads and two roofs lifted, but not pulled off homesteads. Damage along this path was rated F2. The tornado continued northeast and lifted just north of town.
34.51967-04-16340°42'N / 92°06'W40°54'N / 91°50'W19.40 Miles500 Yards2162.5M0Van Buren
34.61973-09-30340°14'N / 90°56'W000K0Hancock
34.91957-05-21340°30'N / 90°48'W40°37'N / 90°35'W13.70 Miles120 Yards00250K0Mcdonough
35.11973-04-20340°26'N / 92°03'W40°33'N / 91°57'W9.50 Miles440 Yards00250K0Scotland
36.01999-04-05240°38'N / 90°41'W40°41'N / 90°39'W3.00 Miles100 Yards003K0Warren
 Brief Description: The tornado first touched down along Highway 9 southwest of Good Hope snapping several trees. From there the tornado moved northeast across Town Fork Creek damaging several trees in a densely wooded area and snapping two large trees along a county road. Damage along this path was rated F0. As the tornado continued northeast it moved through plowed farmland and approached a homestead along north-south county road west of Good Hope. The house sustained no structural damage, but several outbuildings suffered substantial damage. An older concrete block hog house was destroyed while the roof and sides of a new machine shed were torn off. A grain bin was blown about 500 yards from the home site into a neighboring field. Damage along this path was rated F2. For the next several miles the tornado tracked through plowed farmland snapping a few trees and blowing over several fences. The tornado then approached US Highway 67 just south of the McDonough-Warren County line. The tornado snapped two very large oak trees at a homestead with one landing on the house. It continued on a northeast track snapping several trees and damaging a roof on a homestead just south of the county line. Damage along this path was rated F1. The tornado then crossed from McDonough county into Warren county just east of highway 67. As the tornado continued northeast it hit a group of farm buildings north of the county line. Three of the buildings sustained major damage. A corn crib was blown on it's side while the roof of a barn and shed were destroyed. Damage along this path was rated F1. The tornado tracked into the south side of Swan Creek destroying a grain elevator. Just northeast of the elevator the walls of a concrete block machine shop were blown in and the building was completely destroyed. As is continued northeast it toppled several trees and antennae. Other damage in Swan Creek included two porches torn off homesteads and two roofs lifted, but not pulled off homesteads. Damage along this path was rated F2. The tornado continued northeast and lifted just north of town.
36.71990-03-08240°12'N / 90°57'W40°12'N / 90°54'W2.00 Miles33 Yards00250K0Hancock
37.82008-04-10240°43'N / 92°03'W40°45'N / 92°04'W2.00 Miles220 Yards00150K0KVan Buren
 Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: An EF2 tornado moved northeast from just southeast of Lebanon to just northeast of Lebanon during the early evening of April 10th. A wine shed and mobile home were destroyed. The top was ripped off of a silo and the second story of a winery was damaged. A house sustained minor structural damage and several large trees were topped off. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Heavy rain-producing thunderstorms moved across Northeast Missouri, Eastern Iowa, and west central & northwest Illinois during the late afternoon and evening hours of April 10th. Some of the storms produced tornadoes ranging in intensity from EF0 to EF2.
37.81957-05-21240°07'N / 91°43'W40°09'N / 91°39'W3.60 Miles400 Yards02250K0Lewis
39.71999-04-08240°06'N / 91°55'W40°14'N / 91°43'W16.00 Miles150 Yards022.1M0Lewis
 Brief Description: A tornado tore a 16 mile path of destruction across Lewis County causing an estimated $2.1 million in damage. The tornado first formed near LaBelle, where it destroyed a modular home and seriously damaged another home. Several barns were destroyed as were numerous sheds and other farm outbuildings. Several homes in town also sustained roof and siding damage. A pickup truck was picked up and moved about 100 yards. The woman occupant suffered minor injuries. The tornado moved northeast and reached its maximum strength in the Midway area, near the intersection of Highway H and Y. In this area 2 homes were considered destroyed as were 3 barns and numerous sheds and outbuildings. The tornado caused more damage as it moved northeast between Monticello and Williamstown. A couple of barns were destroyed as were several outbuildings. Two homes suffered roof damage. There was 1 injury in this area. A man suffered a cut on his head when hit by flying debris.
40.01974-05-30240°04'N / 91°22'W40°02'N / 91°04'W15.80 Miles200 Yards0122.5M0Adams
40.21967-04-21341°00'N / 91°56'W000K0Jefferson
40.21967-01-24241°12'N / 91°17'W2.00 Miles150 Yards0125K0Louisa
40.31982-03-12240°20'N / 90°41'W0125K0Mcdonough
40.61964-04-21340°25'N / 90°44'W40°30'N / 90°29'W14.10 Miles17 Yards0025K0Mcdonough
41.41970-05-09241°13'N / 91°17'W1.00 Mile100 Yards0025K0Louisa
41.61957-05-21240°05'N / 91°47'W40°07'N / 91°43'W3.80 Miles400 Yards00250K0Lewis
41.81961-05-14339°43'N / 91°18'W40°43'N / 90°13'W89.60 Miles100 Yards002.5M0Pike
41.91955-05-26240°02'N / 91°09'W1.50 Miles500 Yards0025K0Adams
41.91967-01-24340°52'N / 92°05'W25.00 Miles400 Yards00250K0Van Buren
42.51963-04-18241°02'N / 90°45'W0025K0Warren
42.71975-11-09240°54'N / 92°06'W41°00'N / 91°59'W8.80 Miles33 Yards03250K0Jefferson
43.22003-05-10239°56'N / 91°50'W40°09'N / 91°30'W20.00 Miles200 Yards065.0M0Lewis
 Brief Description: A tornado formed just north of the Marion Lewis County line and continued northeast for 20 miles, eventually causing major damage in the city of Canton. The tornado first formed southeast of Steffenville where it damaged a barn and other outbuildings. Six homes suffered varying degrees of roof damage as the tornado crossed Highway N south of Ewing. The tornado crossed Highway 6 southeast of Ewing and damaged an electric substation. From Highway CC north to Highway P, about 20 homes and farm buildings suffered varying degrees of roof, siding and window damage. Numerous large trees were either uprooted or snapped off near the ground as well. The tornado crossed Highway 61 just southeast of Canton where it blew two tractor trailers off the road. Two men suffered minor injuries. The tornado then entered Canton about 630 pm. Information from Emergency Management personnel and city officials in Canton revealed 75-100 structures damaged with at least 40 receiving major damage. At Culver-Stockton College on the southeast side of town, the field house was flattened and another two story building lost its roof. Several very large trees on the campus were uprooted or snapped off near the ground. Four mobile homes on the north side of town were destroyed with four others suffering major damage. There were only 4 minor injuries reported in Canton.
43.61970-05-13240°11'N / 92°03'W40°16'N / 91°57'W7.60 Miles50 Yards0025K0Knox
43.81975-11-09240°53'N / 92°07'W40°54'N / 92°06'W00250K0Van Buren
44.01988-05-08240°55'N / 92°09'W41°10'N / 91°49'W27.00 Miles60 Yards0025.0M0Jefferson
44.01959-09-27240°28'N / 90°36'W40°33'N / 90°27'W9.40 Miles200 Yards01250K0Mcdonough
44.21982-09-13240°59'N / 92°11'W41°01'N / 91°53'W13.00 Miles100 Yards002.5M0Jefferson
45.01959-09-26240°54'N / 90°38'W40°57'N / 90°33'W4.90 Miles300 Yards10250K0Warren
45.51990-03-08240°12'N / 90°54'W40°14'N / 90°26'W25.00 Miles33 Yards00250K0Schuyler
45.61975-11-09241°15'N / 91°37'W0025K0Washington
45.81988-05-08241°10'N / 91°49'W41°20'N / 91°26'W19.00 Miles60 Yards0025.0M0Washington
46.41989-04-27240°48'N / 92°16'W40°44'N / 92°10'W6.00 Miles60 Yards00250K0Davis
46.61988-05-08240°54'N / 92°10'W40°55'N / 92°09'W3.00 Miles60 Yards0025.0M0Wapello
46.92003-05-10240°13'N / 92°12'W40°18'N / 92°01'W7.00 Miles200 Yards0000Knox
 Brief Description: A damage survey completed by National Weather Service personnel of Knox County Missouri revealed a 7 mile long tornado path just north of Edina northeast to the Knox Scotland County line. The tornado first started about 4 miles north of Edina along Highway EE. Three power poles were snapped off and a couple of trees damaged. The tornado strengthened as it moved northeast causing damage along County Road 44, Highway K, and County Road 48. Numerous trees were mangled, farm outbuildings destroyed and power lines downed. A home along County Road 48 suffered major damage losing its roof and one wall. The damage at this point was rated F2, the strongest along the tornado path. The width of the damage at this point was about 200 yards wide. The damage path continued northeast downing trees and power lines. It crossed Highway V just west of County Road 76. Along Highway V, 2 grains bins were destroyed , an old abandoned house was destroyed, and a home lost its garage and part of the roof. The tornado continued northeast and crossed into Scotland County near the North Fabius River.
47.11967-01-24440°35'N / 92°16'W40°41'N / 92°14'W6.80 Miles150 Yards0025K0Davis
47.11970-06-12239°59'N / 91°47'W40°01'N / 91°40'W6.20 Miles100 Yards0025K0Lewis
47.51998-06-18241°06'N / 90°48'W41°11'N / 90°43'W6.00 Miles880 Yards00110K0Mercer
 Brief Description: The tornado damaged several rural home sites. Northeast of Seaton damage was noted to farm buildings and a silo. South of Aledo seven power lines poles were snapped, and a farmhouse 4 miles west of Aledo was destroyed. The tornado also damaged or destroyed farm buildings, roofs and chimneys south of Aledo.
47.62007-06-01341°16'N / 91°11'W41°19'N / 91°07'W6.00 Miles774 Yards011.0M0KLouisa
 Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado touched down on the southern edge of Grandview. It moved through the center of town intensifying in rural areas as it approached the county line. In Grandview, several homes sustained severe damage. North of Grandview, about 1.5 miles, a farm house was completely destroyed. Other homes and trees along the path sustained damage. The tornado crossed the Louisa-Muscatine county line just south of Fruitland, IA. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A line of thunderstorms pivoted northeast into parts of southeast Iowa during the mid-morning hours of June 1st. Much of the area was just breaking out of a blanket of dense fog where visibilities dropped to less than a quarter mile. Dew point temperatures were in the middle 60s to around 70 degrees. The line of storms appeared to become more broken through the late morning hours, while the area from Iowa City to Waterloo appeared to stratify out into a large area of showers. Just before 12:00 pm CDT, rapid intensification of storm cells on the southeast end of the original line occurred as it moved into northern portions of Louisa County. A tornado touched down just south of Grandview, IA and moved northeast through Fruitland, IA and on to the southwest parts of Muscatine, IA. The tornado then lifted and as the storm cell continued to move northeast across Muscatine County. The super-cell re-intensified as it entered the southeast part of Cedar County just before 1 pm producing a brief tornado near Wilton, IA. The storm then moved across northwest parts of Scott County and Clinton County producing damaging wind gusts and large hail. The super-cell continued northeast into Jackson County producing a tornado near Bellevue around 2:30 pm, which moved across the Mississippi River into Jo Daviess County before lifting. The storm produced yet another tornado just south of Scales Mound, IL around 3:15 pm before moving into southwest Wisconsin and dissipating. During the early afternoon hours, additional storms strengthened on the south end of the original line of storms, which went on to produce wind damage and large hail as they moved through northwest Illinois through the late afternoon hours.
47.91970-05-09241°18'N / 91°32'W2.00 Miles100 Yards0025K0Washington
48.71967-01-24241°18'N / 91°22'W41°21'N / 91°20'W3.00 Miles250 Yards000K0Louisa
48.91958-06-08240°55'N / 92°12'W003K0Wapello
48.91954-04-30240°48'N / 91°25'W41°50'N / 90°57'W75.30 Miles200 Yards0025K0Des Moines
49.32003-05-10239°59'N / 90°55'W40°05'N / 90°43'W13.00 Miles300 Yards0000Brown
 Brief Description: The tornado that went across southeast Adams County entered Brown County about 750 pm CDT southwest of Highway 24 and Timewell. Witnesses observed a multiple vortex tornado that damaged one home, two out-buildings, several machine sheds, and several grain bins. Approximately three miles northeast of Timewell the tornado damaged another farmstead and numerous trees. Six machine sheds were destroyed while a home sustained damage to the roof and the west and south walls. A number of large trees in the vicinity of the farmstead were also damaged. Five miles northwest of Mount Sterling, several witnesses observed a multiple vortex pattern with several smaller tornadoes rotating around a larger tornado. The width of the damage area (mainly trees) varied from 50 to as large as 300 yards. Numerous trees were snapped at the base of the tree and tossed northeastward. The damage intensity was estimated from F1 to the lower end of F2. The tornado continued to travel northeast crossing county road 1500 north (5 miles north-northwest of Mount Sterling). Several large trees were either snapped half-way or uprooted at this location. Damage path width ranged from 50 to as large as 100 yards while damage intensity was estimated at the lower end of F1. The tornado damage intensified a second time as the tornado moved across Illinois Highway 99, 7 miles north of Mount Sterling. One old farm home and a large barn were completely destroyed with debris tossed 1/3 mile to the east. A second farmstead 1/2 mile east experienced damage to several machine sheds, grain bins and a barn. The nearby home sustained little damage. Several large trees in the vicinity of the barn and machine sheds were uprooted or snapped near the base of the trunk. The width of the damage pattern over this area varied from 50 to 100 yards. Damage intensity ranged from F1 to lower end of F2. Many witnesses along the track of this tornado did not hear the classic "freight train" sound as heard in other cases. Rather they heard a "swishing" type sound. Additionally, many witnesses did not observe lightning or hear thunder as the tornado passed. A special thanks to Mr. Brian Gallaher, Chief of the Mount Sterling Fire Department for providing valuable information.


* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.


 
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