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Bloomington Metro Area Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes

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The chance of earthquake damage in Bloomington Area is about the same as Indiana average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Bloomington Area is lower than Indiana average and is much higher than the national average.

Topics:Earthquake Index Volcano Index Tornado Index Other Weather Extremes Events Volcanos Nearby Historical Earthquake Events Historical Tornado Events

Earthquake Index, #223

Bloomington Area	0.26
Indiana	0.12
U.S.	1.81

The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.

Volcano Index, #129

Bloomington Area	0.0000
Indiana	0.0000
U.S.	0.0023

The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.

Tornado Index, #252

Bloomington Area	210.52
Indiana	265.56
U.S.	136.45

The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.

Other Weather Extremes Events

A total of 15,258 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Bloomington Area were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:

Type	Count	Type	Count	Type	Count	Type	Count	Type	Count
Avalanche:	0	Blizzard:	6	Cold:	51	Dense Fog:	29	Drought:	29
Dust Storm:	0	Flood:	2,573	Hail:	3,641	Heat:	66	Heavy Snow:	106
High Surf:	0	Hurricane:	0	Ice Storm:	50	Landslide:	0	Strong Wind:	103
Thunderstorm Winds:	7,735	Tropical Storm:	0	Wildfire:	1	Winter Storm:	166	Winter Weather:	58
Other:	644

Volcanos Nearby

No volcano is found in or near Bloomington Area.

Historical Earthquake Events

A total of 1 historical earthquake event that had a recorded magnitude of 3.5 or above found in or near Bloomington Area.

Distance (miles)	Date	Magnitude	Depth (km)	Latitude	Longitude
15.6	1984-07-28	4	10	39.22	-87.07

Historical Tornado Events

A total of 86 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Bloomington Area.

Distance (miles)	Date	Magnitude	Start Lat/Log	End Lat/Log	Length	Width	Fatalities	Injuries	Property Damage	Crop Damage	Affected County
6.9	1975-04-18	2	39°11'N / 86°42'W	39°13'N / 86°40'W	1.90 Miles	50 Yards	0	1	250K	0	Owen
9.7	1975-04-18	2	39°13'N / 86°40'W	39°14'N / 86°37'W	2.70 Miles	50 Yards	0	1	250K	0	Monroe
10.3	1970-04-19	2	39°08'N / 86°39'W	39°10'N / 86°33'W	5.60 Miles	30 Yards	0	6	250K	0	Monroe
10.4	1973-05-27	2	39°10'N / 86°36'W		30.00 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Monroe
12.3	1976-06-24	2	39°18'N / 86°44'W	39°20'N / 86°42'W	2.30 Miles	100 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Owen
12.4	1990-06-02	2	39°03'N / 87°07'W	39°07'N / 86°54'W	10.00 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	2.5M	0	Greene
13.2	1992-11-22	3	39°15'N / 86°39'W	39°18'N / 86°34'W	5.30 Miles	867 Yards	0	3	250K	0	Monroe
15.3	2002-09-20	3	39°14'N / 86°37'W	39°20'N / 86°31'W	10.50 Miles	150 Yards	0	0	10.0M	20K	Monroe
		Brief Description: One of Indiana's longest tracking tornados formed along a squall line on the morning of September 20. The tornado touched down near Ellettsville in Monroe county and then remained on the ground for 112 miles before lifting in Blackford county. The tornado produced F3 damage at its strongest points. Nearly 100 single family homes were destroyed, along with several mobile homes. Some apartments were also destroyed. Many businesses and hundreds of homes received damage. Several counties were declared disaster areas.
19.2	1973-06-26	2	39°10'N / 86°33'W	39°14'N / 86°20'W	12.40 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Monroe
20.7	1956-04-03	2	39°25'N / 86°58'W				0	0	25K	0	Tippecanoe
22.4	1957-04-05	2	38°59'N / 86°26'W				0	0	3K	0	Lawrence
23.2	2009-03-08	3	38°51'N / 86°36'W	38°51'N / 86°35'W	1.00 Mile	1408 Yards	0	1	420K	0K	Lawrence
		Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This brief but powerful tornado had a steady track to the east-northeast, creating damage consistent of an EF3 strength tornado. A rating of EF3 corresponds with winds of 136 to 165 MPH. The maximum width of the tornado was approximately 1/8 mile. It completely destroyed the above ground portions of two homes, seriously damaged a trailer home, and created lesser damage to two other homes. It picked a full size school bus up, turned it around and onto its side, and moved it uphill onto the foundation of what had been an occupied home. The damage estimate is very rough. EPISODE NARRATIVE: By late morning a warm front stretched approximately from low pressure over northeast Missouri through central Illinois to between Indianapolis and Fort Wayne, Indiana while the cold front trailed from the low into Oklahoma. At 1040 EST tornado watch number 49 was issued for much of western Indiana, much of Illinois, and locations south, effective until 1600 EST. National Weather Service radar showed scattered storms in the watch area in Indiana, better organized storms firing up over eastern Iowa and western Illinois, and an area of rain north of the warm front. At 1400 EST radar showed a broken line of storms with isolated supercells and line segments extending from northern Indiana south-southwestward through southern Indiana into western Kentucky with an eastward movement at 40-45 knots along central and northern portions of the line. The thermodynamic environment was marginally unstable but becoming more unstable with time. Supporting factors for severe weather were: large-scale atmospheric ascent, forcing associated with an ejecting short wave trough, significant shear, and increasing sunshine along and behind the warm front as it lifted north. At 1343 EST the first severe weather report occurred with a measured thunderstorm wind gust of 91 MPH in Vincennes in Knox county. An additional tornado watch, watch number 50, was issued at 1355 EST to cover the rest of Indiana east of watch number 49. At this point 90+ knot mid-level winds and 55+ knot 850 millibar winds were across the region. Portions of the watches were canceled starting shortly before 1600 EST. By the end of the severe weather episode an EF3 tornado had touched down in Lawrence County just west of Bedford. Portions of Daviess county experienced wind gusts of 80 to 90 MPH, while Tippecanoe, Clinton and Howard Counties had gusts from 60 to 70 mph. Significant damage occurred to several homes and farms in Lawrence County.
24.1	1973-05-27	2	39°12'N / 87°18'W	39°39'N / 86°50'W	39.80 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Sullivan
25.0	1963-04-29	3	39°02'N / 87°28'W	39°07'N / 87°02'W	23.90 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Sullivan
25.5	1961-07-21	2	39°31'N / 86°48'W		1.00 Mile	20 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Putnam
26.9	1954-06-26	2	39°31'N / 86°38'W				0	0	3K	0	Morgan
27.0	1992-07-30	2	39°31'N / 86°39'W	39°29'N / 86°30'W	6.00 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Morgan
27.4	1955-03-01	2	38°50'N / 86°29'W		1.50 Miles	300 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Lawrence
27.5	1956-02-25	2	39°26'N / 86°26'W		2.00 Miles	60 Yards	0	3	25K	0	Morgan
27.7	1990-06-02	4	38°47'N / 86°32'W	38°54'N / 86°23'W	11.00 Miles	400 Yards	1	51	2.5M	0	Lawrence
28.2	1957-06-11	2	39°06'N / 87°19'W		0.20 Mile	70 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Sullivan
29.4	1956-02-25	2	38°47'N / 87°15'W	38°50'N / 87°00'W	13.80 Miles	900 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Daviess
31.1	1992-11-22	3	39°24'N / 86°31'W	39°35'N / 86°19'W	15.00 Miles	867 Yards	0	0	2.5M	0	Morgan
31.1	2002-09-20	3	39°22'N / 86°32'W	39°35'N / 86°15'W	20.00 Miles	150 Yards	0	28	15.0M	30K	Morgan
		Brief Description: One of Indiana's longest tracking tornados formed along a squall line on the morning of September 20. The tornado touched down near Ellettsville in Monroe county and then remained on the ground for 112 miles before lifting in Blackford county. The tornado produced F3 damage at its strongest points. Nearly 100 single family homes were destroyed, along with several mobile homes. Some apartments were also destroyed. Many businesses and hundreds of homes received damage. Several counties were declared disaster areas.
31.2	2005-11-15	3	38°41'N / 87°08'W	38°47'N / 86°55'W	10.00 Miles	440 Yards	0	31	11.6M	0	Daviess
		Brief Description: An F3 tornado touched down near Washington, Indiana on the afternoon of 15 November 2005, and proceeded northeast for 12 miles, lifting at Crane Naval Base in Martin County. The tornado was up to 1/4 mile wide at times. The worst damage occurred 4 miles northeast of Montgomery. K&K Industries sits at that site. Abe Knepp, the owner, is also a chaplain for Daviess County Emergency Management, and was monitoring law enforcement radio traffic while at work. His decision to send his 120 employees home early likely saved several lives, as the plant was destroyed by the tornado 30 minutes after it was cleared. 123 homes and 20 businesses sustained damage in Daviess County. Despite the amount of damage, only one of the 31 reported injuries was considered serious. An area of severe thunderstorms moved through central Indiana on the afternoon and evening of 15 November 2005, fueled by abnormally warm conditions which had been the rule across the region for the first half of the month. One strongly rotating supercell produced three tornadoes, two of them rated strong F3, over southern portions of central Indiana. Additional severe weather occurred with other supercells and squall line storms across central Indiana. Thanks to early warnings and heightened awareness of the severe weather threat, no one was killed by the tornadoes, and only one serious injury was reported.
31.2	1969-05-10	2	39°34'N / 86°58'W	39°38'N / 86°40'W	16.50 Miles	400 Yards	0	7	250K	0	Putnam
31.3	1969-09-05	2	39°14'N / 87°22'W				0	0	25K	0	Sullivan
31.8	1986-03-10	3	39°22'N / 86°31'W	39°35'N / 86°14'W	15.00 Miles	440 Yards	0	9	2.5M	0	Morgan
32.6	1990-06-02	3	38°41'N / 86°54'W	38°41'N / 86°54'W	0.50 Mile	200 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Martin
32.7	1959-02-10	2	38°44'N / 86°30'W				0	0	250K	0	Lawrence
33.0	1973-05-27	2	39°12'N / 86°27'W	39°37'N / 86°06'W	34.30 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Monroe
33.2	1974-05-30	2	38°40'N / 86°47'W		2.00 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Martin
33.4	1990-06-02	4	38°41'N / 86°41'W	38°40'N / 86°39'W	2.00 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	2.5M	0	Orange
33.8	1990-06-02	4	38°40'N / 86°39'W	38°41'N / 86°37'W	1.30 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	2.5M	0	Lawrence
34.6	1990-06-02	3	38°39'N / 87°03'W	38°41'N / 86°54'W	6.50 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Daviess
35.6	1969-08-09	2	38°40'N / 87°02'W				0	0	25K	0	Daviess
35.7	1962-04-30	2	38°52'N / 87°27'W	38°40'N / 87°02'W	26.20 Miles	33 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Knox
36.1	1990-06-02	4	38°34'N / 86°55'W	38°41'N / 86°41'W	14.30 Miles	200 Yards	0	4	2.5M	0	Martin
36.3	1968-05-15	2	39°37'N / 86°32'W	39°37'N / 86°26'W	5.20 Miles	33 Yards	0	5	250K	0	Hendricks
37.2	1974-04-03	3	38°46'N / 86°18'W	38°48'N / 86°16'W	2.30 Miles	177 Yards	0	0	25.0M	0	Lawrence
38.1	1956-02-25	2	38°46'N / 87°23'W	38°47'N / 87°15'W	7.20 Miles	900 Yards	0	1	25K	0	Knox
38.6	1968-05-15	2	39°37'N / 86°26'W	39°37'N / 86°22'W	3.60 Miles	33 Yards	0	0	0K	0	Morgan
38.6	2008-06-03	2	39°19'N / 86°08'W	39°20'N / 86°05'W	3.00 Miles	150 Yards	0	0	200K	0K	Brown
		Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: In Brown County near Peoga damaged occurred to twenty to thirty homes, a barn, powerlines, trees, and a carport due to a tornado. One indirect injury occurred when I firefighter suffered heat stroke. In Johnson County at Camp Atterbury forty buildings were damaged, dozens of vehicles including a 6,000 pound Humvee and a bus were tossed and crushed, the chapel was damaged, and a trailer was tossed on top of a building. Also in Johnson County in Edinburgh 59 buildings were damaged or destroyed. One woman suffered an ankle injury during the tornado. Damaged occurred in Shelby County to a gas station. One woman at the gas station sustained minor injuries when her car windows were blown out. The tornado touched down at 2024 EST in Brown County near the intersection of Sweetwater Trail and Beech Tree Road. The tornado tracked to the northeast for 2.83 miles before crossing into Johnson County approximately 1000 feet west of County Road 900 at 2030 EST. The tornado continued to track to the northeast for 7.19 miles until 2046 EST when the tornado entered Shelby County just south of the County Road 900 and West State Road 252 intersection. The tornado lifted at 2047 EST in Shelby County after tracking to the northeast and lifting at exit 80 on Interstate 65. The tornado was an EF-2 while in Brown County causing 200 thousand dollars in damage. The tornado was an EF-2 while in Johnson County causing 23 million dollars in damage. The tornado weakened to an EF-1 while in Shelby County causing 15 thousand dollars in damage. Based on damage indicators, at the tornadoes peak intensity wind speeds were around 130 miles per hour. The tornado formed from a supercell and was on the ground for 23 minutes or 10.59 miles. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A powerful weather system moved through central Indiana on the night of June 3rd. Associated with this system were damaging straight line thunderstorm winds and tornadoes. Three tornadoes developed from supercells. An EF-1 tornado moved through Decatur County, an EF-2 tornado moved through Brown and Johnson Counties, and then weakened to an EF-1 in Shelby County, and another tornado began as an EF-0 in Shelby County and intensified to an EF-3 in Rush County.
38.7	1962-05-26	2	39°32'N / 86°16'W				0	0	25K	0	Morgan
38.8	1986-05-15	2	38°40'N / 87°10'W		0.20 Mile	10 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Daviess
39.3	1976-03-20	2	39°39'N / 86°52'W	39°47'N / 86°41'W	13.20 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Putnam
39.4	2002-09-20	2	38°40'N / 87°14'W	38°43'N / 87°14'W	1.10 Miles	150 Yards	0	0	25K	10K	Daviess
		Brief Description: A tornado formed along a squall line in Pike county then moved across Knox and into Daviess counties. A few homes were destroyed in Knox county and several were damaged. A conservation officer in his vehicle was thrown an eighth of a mile by the tornado.
39.4	1990-06-02	4	38°51'N / 86°17'W	39°00'N / 85°57'W	18.00 Miles	200 Yards	0	9	2.5M	0	Jackson
39.9	1960-06-22	3	39°32'N / 87°21'W				0	0	250K	0	Vigo
39.9	1967-10-24	2	39°28'N / 87°25'W				0	0	3K	0	Vigo
40.4	1963-04-29	3	39°37'N / 87°16'W	39°39'N / 87°10'W	5.60 Miles	100 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Parke
40.8	1959-02-10	3	38°45'N / 87°24'W	38°48'N / 87°22'W	3.30 Miles	100 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Knox
41.5	1974-04-03	3	38°48'N / 86°16'W	39°03'N / 85°53'W	26.80 Miles	177 Yards	1	21	0K	0	Jackson
42.0	1990-06-02	2	38°50'N / 87°31'W	38°52'N / 87°26'W	4.00 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Knox
42.0	1956-02-25	2	39°31'N / 86°10'W				0	0	250K	0	Johnson
42.1	1971-05-06	2	38°38'N / 87°15'W	38°29'N / 86°44'W	29.70 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Daviess
42.3	1992-07-30	3	39°22'N / 86°08'W	39°21'N / 85°58'W	7.00 Miles	200 Yards	0	25	2.5M	0	Johnson
42.9	1988-10-17	2	39°41'N / 86°23'W		0.50 Mile	100 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Hendricks
43.5	1990-06-02	4	38°32'N / 87°11'W	38°34'N / 86°55'W	13.50 Miles	200 Yards	0	6	2.5M	0	Daviess
43.6	2008-06-03	2	39°20'N / 86°05'W	39°21'N / 85°57'W	7.00 Miles	150 Yards	0	3	23.0M	0K	Johnson
		Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: In Brown County near Peoga damaged occurred to twenty to thirty homes, a barn, powerlines, trees, and a carport due to a tornado. One indirect injury occurred when I firefighter suffered heat stroke. In Johnson County at Camp Atterbury forty buildings were damaged, dozens of vehicles including a 6,000 pound Humvee and a bus were tossed and crushed, the chapel was damaged, and a trailer was tossed on top of a building. Also in Johnson County in Edinburgh 59 buildings were damaged or destroyed. One woman suffered an ankle injury during the tornado. Damaged occurred in Shelby County to a gas station. One woman at the gas station sustained minor injuries when her car windows were blown out. The tornado touched down at 2024 EST in Brown County near the intersection of Sweetwater Trail and Beech Tree Road. The tornado tracked to the northeast for 2.83 miles before crossing into Johnson County approximately 1000 feet west of County Road 900 at 2030 EST. The tornado continued to track to the northeast for 7.19 miles until 2046 EST when the tornado entered Shelby County just south of the County Road 900 and West State Road 252 intersection. The tornado lifted at 2047 EST in Shelby County after tracking to the northeast and lifting at exit 80 on Interstate 65. The tornado was an EF-2 while in Brown County causing 200 thousand dollars in damage. The tornado was an EF-2 while in Johnson County causing 23 million dollars in damage. The tornado weakened to an EF-1 while in Shelby County causing 15 thousand dollars in damage. Based on damage indicators, at the tornadoes peak intensity wind speeds were around 130 miles per hour. The tornado formed from a supercell and was on the ground for 23 minutes or 10.59 miles. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A powerful weather system moved through central Indiana on the night of June 3rd. Associated with this system were damaging straight line thunderstorm winds and tornadoes. Three tornadoes developed from supercells. An EF-1 tornado moved through Decatur County, an EF-2 tornado moved through Brown and Johnson Counties, and then weakened to an EF-1 in Shelby County, and another tornado began as an EF-0 in Shelby County and intensified to an EF-3 in Rush County.
44.1	1954-10-11	3	39°27'N / 86°07'W	39°30'N / 86°03'W	4.70 Miles	100 Yards	2	0	250K	0	Johnson
44.3	1974-05-30	2	39°05'N / 87°37'W				0	0	3K	0	Crawford
44.5	1954-07-20	2	39°43'N / 86°24'W				0	0	25K	0	Hendricks
44.6	1990-06-02	2	39°47'N / 86°44'W	39°48'N / 86°42'W	2.00 Miles	50 Yards	1	1	250K	0	Putnam
44.8	1963-04-19	3	38°16'N / 86°36'W	38°59'N / 86°00'W	59.10 Miles	1400 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Lawrence
44.8	1992-11-22	3	39°43'N / 86°54'W	39°52'N / 86°54'W	9.00 Miles	867 Yards	0	1	2.5M	0	Putnam
44.9	1954-08-01	2	38°33'N / 86°28'W				0	0	3K	0	Orange
45.0	2002-09-20	3	39°32'N / 86°13'W	39°38'N / 86°07'W	7.50 Miles	150 Yards	0	0	25.0M	10K	Johnson
		Brief Description: One of Indiana's longest tracking tornados formed along a squall line on the morning of September 20. The tornado touched down near Ellettsville in Monroe county and then remained on the ground for 112 miles before lifting in Blackford county. The tornado produced F3 damage at its strongest points. Nearly 100 single family homes were destroyed, along with several mobile homes. Some apartments were also destroyed. Many businesses and hundreds of homes received damage. Several counties were declared disaster areas.
45.3	1971-05-24	2	39°12'N / 85°58'W	39°13'N / 85°56'W			0	0	2.5M	0	Bartholomew
45.6	1971-05-06	2	38°42'N / 87°30'W	38°38'N / 87°15'W	14.10 Miles	50 Yards	0	1	250K	0	Knox
45.8	1968-04-14	3	39°04'N / 85°58'W	39°06'N / 85°55'W	3.30 Miles	33 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Bartholomew
45.9	1967-10-24	3	38°29'N / 86°48'W				0	1	25K	0	Dubois
46.0	1990-06-02	2	39°48'N / 86°42'W	39°49'N / 86°40'W	1.50 Miles	50 Yards	0	5	250K	0	Hendricks
46.2	1967-10-24	2	39°35'N / 87°27'W				0	1	3K	0	Vigo
47.5	2002-09-20	2	38°33'N / 87°26'W	38°40'N / 87°15'W	11.50 Miles	150 Yards	0	2	1.0M	20K	Knox
		Brief Description: A tornado formed along a squall line in Pike county then moved across Knox and into Daviess counties. A few homes were destroyed in Knox county and several were damaged. A conservation officer in his vehicle was thrown an eighth of a mile by the tornado.
47.8	1996-05-08	2	38°58'N / 85°58'W	38°58'N / 85°54'W	5.50 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	1.3M	0	Jackson
		Brief Description: A strong tornado developed just west of Seymour and moved across the downtown area causing major damage before lifting. In all, nine businesses sustained major damage, eighty-eight homes were damaged and seven homes were destroyed. Three mobile homes were also destroyed. The Seymour highschool also received damage.
47.9	1973-06-17	2	39°23'N / 85°57'W		0.30 Mile	50 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Bartholomew
48.7	1990-06-02	4	38°31'N / 87°15'W	38°32'N / 87°11'W	4.40 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	2.5M	0	Pike
48.7	1998-04-15	2	38°29'N / 87°09'W	38°30'N / 87°06'W	4.00 Miles	50 Yards	0	0	500K	0	Pike
		Brief Description: The tornado destroyed two large barns and five or six smaller outbuildings. Significant damage occurred to two farm houses. Several trees and power poles were snapped off. Some two-by-fours and a large saw blade were embedded in homes.
48.9	1958-05-03	2	39°34'N / 87°32'W	39°36'N / 87°30'W	1.90 Miles	200 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Vigo
49.0	1976-03-20	2	39°47'N / 86°41'W	39°54'N / 86°31'W	11.70 Miles	33 Yards	0	0	25K	0	Hendricks
49.1	1990-06-02	2	38°46'N / 87°40'W	38°50'N / 87°31'W	1.00 Mile	50 Yards	0	1	250K	0	Lawrence
49.6	1990-06-02	3	38°45'N / 86°06'W	38°45'N / 85°57'W	8.00 Miles	150 Yards	0	0	250K	0	Washington
49.6	1986-03-10	3	39°35'N / 86°14'W	39°41'N / 85°59'W	15.00 Miles	440 Yards	0	3	2.5M	0	Johnson
49.7	1965-01-23	2	39°49'N / 86°27'W				0	0	3K	0	Hendricks
49.8	1988-10-17	2	39°38'N / 87°30'W	39°38'N / 87°28'W	2.00 Miles	200 Yards	0	2	250K	0	Vermillion

* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.