Local Data Search
A total of 383 results found. Show Results on Map. The education index is an indicator of the average education level of the population. A higher education index value means more educated population.
| Rank | Average Education Index ▼ | City / Population |
| 1. | 16.49 | Timber Hills, PA / 333 |
| 2. | 15.64 | Linntown, PA / 1,737 |
| 3. | 15.48 | Mount Gretna Heights, PA / 164 |
| 4. | 15.06 | Hershey, PA / 13,082 |
| 5. | 14.97 | Eyers Grove, PA / 100 |
| 6. | 14.93 | Whitfield, PA / 4,873 |
| 7. | 14.82 | Messiah College, PA / 2,469 |
| 8. | 14.76 | Spring Ridge, PA / 1,053 |
| 9. | 14.70 | Boiling Springs, PA / 2,927 |
| 10. | 14.67 | Camp Hill, PA / 7,829 |
| 11. | 14.66 | Fernville, PA / 424 |
| 12. | 14.65 | Mount Gretna, PA / 152 |
| 13. | 14.61 | Beech Mountain Lakes, PA / 1,935 |
| 14. | 14.54 | Plainfield, PA / 61 |
| 15. | 14.52 | Landisville, PA / 1,914 |
| 16. | 14.51 | Conyngham, PA / 1,811 |
| 17. | 14.47 | Buckhorn, PA / 315 |
| 18. | 14.32 | Zion, PA / 1,821 |
| 19. | 14.19 | Paxtang, PA / 1,501 |
| 20. | 14.19 | Union Deposit, PA / 571 |
| 21. | 14.16 | Lower Allen, PA / 6,910 |
| 22. | 14.09 | Lake Wynonah, PA / 2,468 |
| 23. | 14.04 | Wormleysburg, PA / 2,988 |
| 24. | 14.04 | Linglestown, PA / 6,857 |
| 25. | 14.04 | Riverside borough, PA / 1,790 |
| 26. | 14.01 | Grier City, PA / 114 |
| 27. | 14.00 | Campbelltown, PA / 3,596 |
| 28. | 14.00 | Carlisle, PA / 18,516 |
| 29. | 14.00 | Skyline View, PA / 3,244 |
| 30. | 13.94 | Palmdale, PA / 2,071 |
| 31. | 13.93 | Cornwall, PA / 4,015 |
| 32. | 13.91 | Lewisburg, PA / 5,862 |
| 33. | 13.89 | Colony Park, PA / 1,061 |
| 34. | 13.87 | New Cumberland, PA / 7,289 |
| 35. | 13.86 | Elysburg, PA / 2,178 |
| 36. | 13.82 | Fox Chase, PA / 1,362 |
| 37. | 13.81 | Faxon, PA / 1,491 |
| 38. | 13.79 | Rheems, PA / 1,313 |
| 39. | 13.78 | Dauphin, PA / 751 |
| 40. | 13.78 | Mingoville, PA / 367 |
| 41. | 13.77 | Millerstown, PA / 849 |
| 42. | 13.76 | Paxtonia, PA / 5,290 |
| 43. | 13.76 | Strong, PA / 251 |
| 44. | 13.76 | Springmont, PA / 490 |
| 45. | 13.75 | Mechanicsburg, PA / 8,981 |
| 46. | 13.74 | Hummelstown, PA / 4,502 |
| 47. | 13.73 | Waller, PA / 56 |
| 48. | 13.72 | Spring Mills, PA / 191 |
| 49. | 13.70 | Salunga, PA / 2,905 |
| 50. | 13.69 | Lemoyne, PA / 4,467 |
| 51. | 13.68 | Rothsville, PA / 3,125 |
| 52. | 13.67 | Deer Lake borough, PA / 721 |
| 53. | 13.66 | Reedsville, PA / 435 |
| 54. | 13.66 | Montoursville, PA / 4,623 |
| 55. | 13.61 | New Kingstown, PA / 668 |
| 56. | 13.61 | Lawnton, PA / 3,743 |
| 57. | 13.60 | Bloomsburg, PA / 14,299 |
| 58. | 13.57 | Harleigh, PA / 1,079 |
| 59. | 13.56 | Colonial Park, PA / 13,114 |
| 60. | 13.54 | Shiremanstown, PA / 1,504 |
| 61. | 13.54 | Progress, PA / 9,568 |
| 62. | 13.51 | Stillwater, PA / 222 |
| 63. | 13.49 | Hummels Wharf, PA / 1,818 |
| 64. | 13.47 | Klingerstown, PA / 106 |
| 65. | 13.46 | Orwigsburg, PA / 3,096 |
| 66. | 13.41 | Wilburton Number Two, PA / 83 |
| 67. | 13.40 | Shenandoah Heights, PA / 1,269 |
| 68. | 13.39 | Madisonburg, PA / 107 |
| 69. | 13.38 | Dunnstown, PA / 1,095 |
| 70. | 13.38 | Lititz, PA / 9,298 |
| 71. | 13.37 | Park Crest, PA / 707 |
| 72. | 13.37 | Hometown, PA / 1,461 |
| 73. | 13.35 | East Petersburg, PA / 4,506 |
| 74. | 13.35 | Schlusser, PA / 5,217 |
| 75. | 13.33 | Dillsburg, PA / 2,493 |
| 76. | 13.31 | Northumberland, PA / 3,798 |
| 77. | 13.29 | Kenmar, PA / 3,906 |
| 78. | 13.28 | Sinking Spring, PA / 3,792 |
| 79. | 13.28 | Howard, PA / 685 |
| 80. | 13.27 | Mifflinburg, PA / 3,572 |
| 81. | 13.24 | Aaronsburg, PA / 699 |
| 82. | 13.23 | Muncy, PA / 2,481 |
| 83. | 13.22 | Jeddo, PA / 108 |
| 84. | 13.21 | Englewood, PA / 486 |
| 85. | 13.21 | Elizabethtown, PA / 11,591 |
| 86. | 13.20 | Sheppton, PA / 222 |
| 87. | 13.19 | East Berwick, PA / 1,945 |
| 88. | 13.18 | Reinerton, PA / 505 |
| 89. | 13.18 | Picture Rocks, PA / 534 |
| 90. | 13.17 | Centre Hall, PA / 1,228 |
| 91. | 13.17 | Espy, PA / 1,644 |
| 92. | 13.15 | Jerseytown, PA / 201 |
| 93. | 13.15 | Franklintown, PA / 423 |
| 94. | 13.15 | Snydertown, PA / 252 |
| 95. | 13.14 | Hughesville, PA / 2,001 |
| 96. | 13.13 | Lattimer, PA / 400 |
| 97. | 13.11 | Forestville, PA / 369 |
| 98. | 13.11 | River View Park, PA / 3,419 |
| 99. | 13.10 | Summit Station, PA / 124 |
| 100. | 13.10 | Selinsgrove, PA / 5,621 |
| 101. | 13.09 | Marysville, PA / 2,494 |
| 102. | 13.06 | Mount Joy, PA / 7,310 |
| 103. | 13.06 | Valley Green, PA / 3,216 |
| 104. | 13.05 | Rutherford, PA / 4,096 |
| 105. | 13.05 | Danville, PA / 4,706 |
| 106. | 13.04 | Cleona, PA / 2,308 |
| 107. | 13.03 | Flemington, PA / 1,305 |
| 108. | 13.02 | Fountain Springs, PA / 354 |
| 109. | 13.02 | Quentin, PA / 483 |
| 110. | 13.01 | South Williamsport, PA / 6,345 |
| 111. | 13.01 | Annville, PA / 4,729 |
| 112. | 13.00 | Palmyra, PA / 7,292 |
| 113. | 12.98 | Ravine, PA / 989 |
| 114. | 12.98 | Oval, PA / 377 |
| 115. | 12.97 | Lebanon South, PA / 2,159 |
| 116. | 12.96 | Winfield, PA / 811 |
| 117. | 12.95 | Turbotville, PA / 915 |
| 118. | 12.95 | Goldsboro, PA / 879 |
| 119. | 12.94 | Penryn, PA / 1,225 |
| 120. | 12.94 | Enhaut, PA / 903 |
| 121. | 12.92 | Pardeesville, PA / 718 |
| 122. | 12.91 | Pleasant Hill, PA / 2,640 |
| 123. | 12.91 | Montgomery, PA / 1,625 |
| 124. | 12.91 | Highspire, PA / 2,712 |
| 125. | 12.90 | Kreamer, PA / 965 |
| 126. | 12.90 | Penbrook, PA / 3,013 |
| 127. | 12.90 | Church Hill, PA / 1,988 |
| 128. | 12.89 | Freeland, PA / 3,535 |
| 129. | 12.88 | Salladasburg, PA / 237 |
| 130. | 12.88 | Mount Wolf, PA / 1,333 |
| 131. | 12.87 | Cressona, PA / 1,725 |
| 132. | 12.87 | New Columbia, PA / 1,171 |
| 133. | 12.87 | Wernersville, PA / 2,187 |
| 134. | 12.86 | Brickerville, PA / 1,382 |
| 135. | 12.84 | Mechanicsville, PA / 407 |
| 136. | 12.83 | Maitland, PA / 188 |
| 137. | 12.83 | West Milton, PA / 647 |
| 138. | 12.82 | Almedia, PA / 1,088 |
| 139. | 12.81 | Highland Park, PA / 1,546 |
| 140. | 12.81 | Leesport, PA / 2,037 |
| 141. | 12.81 | Womelsdorf, PA / 2,796 |
| 142. | 12.80 | Maytown, PA / 4,000 |
| 143. | 12.78 | Port Royal, PA / 1,185 |
| 144. | 12.77 | Juniata Terrace, PA / 482 |
| 145. | 12.76 | Williamsport, PA / 29,508 |
| 146. | 12.76 | Mifflinville, PA / 1,311 |
| 147. | 12.75 | Manheim, PA / 4,863 |
| 148. | 12.75 | Millheim, PA / 831 |
| 149. | 12.75 | Shamokin Dam, PA / 1,931 |
| 150. | 12.74 | Thompsontown, PA / 740 |
| 151. | 12.74 | New Berlin, PA / 904 |
| 152. | 12.73 | Lewisberry, PA / 405 |
| 153. | 12.73 | Lock Haven, PA / 9,644 |
| 154. | 12.73 | Edenburg, PA / 748 |
| 155. | 12.73 | Jersey Shore, PA / 4,351 |
| 156. | 12.73 | Bloomfield Borough, PA / 1,504 |
| 157. | 12.73 | Watsontown, PA / 2,518 |
| 158. | 12.72 | Tresckow, PA / 851 |
| 159. | 12.71 | Coaldale borough, PA / 2,643 |
| 160. | 12.70 | Castanea, PA / 1,070 |
| 161. | 12.70 | Rupert, PA / 187 |
| 162. | 12.69 | Eagles Mere, PA / 51 |
| 163. | 12.68 | Mocanaqua, PA / 571 |
| 164. | 12.68 | Lenkerville, PA / 571 |
| 165. | 12.67 | Wanamie, PA / 713 |
| 166. | 12.67 | Landingville, PA / 195 |
| 167. | 12.67 | Muir, PA / 382 |
| 168. | 12.66 | Middletown, PA / 8,970 |
| 169. | 12.66 | Mifflintown, PA / 905 |
| 170. | 12.66 | Dewart, PA / 1,488 |
| 171. | 12.66 | Mill Hall, PA / 1,641 |
| 172. | 12.65 | Buck Run, PA / 131 |
| 173. | 12.65 | Numidia, PA / 307 |
| 174. | 12.63 | Gordon, PA / 760 |
| 175. | 12.63 | Coburn, PA / 116 |
| 176. | 12.63 | Ringtown, PA / 721 |
| 177. | 12.63 | Rebersburg, PA / 338 |
| 178. | 12.63 | Lenhartsville, PA / 177 |
| 179. | 12.62 | Steelton, PA / 5,994 |
| 180. | 12.62 | Marietta, PA / 2,604 |
| 181. | 12.62 | Duboistown, PA / 1,252 |
| 182. | 12.61 | Mcewensville, PA / 232 |
| 183. | 12.60 | Richfield, PA / 613 |
| 184. | 12.60 | Edgewood CDP, PA / 2,429 |
| 185. | 12.59 | Enola, PA / 6,584 |
| 186. | 12.59 | Loganton, PA / 431 |
| 187. | 12.58 | Minersville, PA / 4,394 |
| 188. | 12.58 | Rote, PA / 590 |
| 189. | 12.57 | Tamaqua, PA / 7,097 |
| 190. | 12.57 | Denver, PA / 3,784 |
| 191. | 12.56 | Millville, PA / 960 |
| 192. | 12.56 | Millersburg, PA / 2,567 |
| 193. | 12.55 | Pine Grove, PA / 2,152 |
| 194. | 12.54 | Garden View, PA / 2,588 |
| 195. | 12.53 | Milton, PA / 7,030 |
| 196. | 12.53 | Yeagertown, PA / 1,056 |
| 197. | 12.52 | Pottsville, PA / 14,518 |
| 198. | 12.52 | Marlin, PA / 652 |
| 199. | 12.51 | Catawissa, PA / 1,580 |
| 200. | 12.51 | Newport, PA / 1,724 |
| 201. | 12.50 | Myerstown, PA / 3,112 |
| 202. | 12.50 | Blanchard, PA / 632 |
| 203. | 12.50 | Avis, PA / 1,711 |
| 204. | 12.50 | Newtown CDP, PA / 313 |
| 205. | 12.49 | Frackville, PA / 3,880 |
| 206. | 12.49 | Centerport, PA / 529 |
| 207. | 12.49 | Altamont, PA / 739 |
| 208. | 12.48 | Wilburton Number One, PA / 205 |
| 208. | 12.48 | Foundryville, PA / 196 |
| 210. | 12.48 | Mcclure, PA / 872 |
| 211. | 12.47 | Richland, PA / 1,584 |
| 212. | 12.47 | Paxtonville, PA / 207 |
| 213. | 12.47 | Allenwood, PA / 523 |
| 214. | 12.46 | Mount Holly Springs, PA / 1,958 |
| 215. | 12.45 | Lykens, PA / 1,949 |
| 216. | 12.43 | Herndon, PA / 332 |
| 217. | 12.43 | Harrisburg, PA / 49,332 |
| 218. | 12.42 | Schuylkill Haven, PA / 5,431 |
| 219. | 12.42 | New Buffalo, PA / 122 |
| 220. | 12.41 | Jonestown borough, PA / 1,273 |
| 221. | 12.41 | Montandon, PA / 1,095 |
| 222. | 12.40 | Manchester, PA / 2,710 |
| 223. | 12.40 | Strausstown, PA / 354 |
| 224. | 12.39 | Nescopeck, PA / 1,665 |
| 225. | 12.39 | Clay, PA / 1,571 |
| 226. | 12.38 | New Schaefferstown, PA / 147 |
| 227. | 12.38 | Kulpmont, PA / 2,926 |
| 228. | 12.38 | Mount Carmel, PA / 5,960 |
| 229. | 12.38 | Royalton, PA / 1,123 |
| 230. | 12.38 | Mount Pleasant Mills, PA / 588 |
| 231. | 12.38 | Kratzerville, PA / 662 |
| 232. | 12.36 | Eagleville, PA / 238 |
| 233. | 12.36 | Sand Hill, PA / 2,073 |
| 234. | 12.36 | Delano, PA / 373 |
| 235. | 12.35 | Slabtown, PA / 165 |
| 236. | 12.35 | Hamburg, PA / 4,288 |
| 237. | 12.35 | Potlicker Flats, PA / 283 |
| 238. | 12.34 | Orwin, PA / 165 |
| 239. | 12.33 | Alfarata, PA / 273 |
| 240. | 12.33 | Robesonia, PA / 2,115 |
| 241. | 12.33 | Snydertown CDP, PA / 604 |
| 242. | 12.32 | Lansford, PA / 4,010 |
| 243. | 12.32 | Port Carbon, PA / 1,853 |
| 244. | 12.32 | Rauchtown, PA / 832 |
| 245. | 12.32 | Valley View, PA / 1,717 |
| 246. | 12.32 | Lime Ridge, PA / 1,035 |
| 247. | 12.32 | Bainbridge, PA / 1,357 |
| 248. | 12.31 | Newmanstown, PA / 2,432 |
| 249. | 12.31 | Stouchsburg, PA / 586 |
| 250. | 12.31 | Mcelhattan, PA / 637 |
| 251. | 12.31 | Tower City, PA / 1,497 |
| 252. | 12.31 | Fredericksburg CDP, PA / 1,272 |
| 253. | 12.31 | New Philadelphia, PA / 1,131 |
| 254. | 12.30 | Pillow, PA / 234 |
| 255. | 12.30 | Bressler, PA / 1,454 |
| 256. | 12.30 | East Salem, PA / 133 |
| 257. | 12.29 | Williamstown, PA / 1,239 |
| 258. | 12.29 | Duncannon, PA / 1,406 |
| 259. | 12.27 | Avon, PA / 2,034 |
| 260. | 12.26 | Mainville, PA / 155 |
| 261. | 12.26 | Hegins, PA / 776 |
| 262. | 12.26 | Reinholds, PA / 2,162 |
| 263. | 12.26 | Girardville, PA / 1,523 |
| 264. | 12.25 | Vicksburg, PA / 226 |
| 265. | 12.25 | Benton, PA / 941 |
| 266. | 12.25 | Kelayres, PA / 554 |
| 267. | 12.25 | Beech Creek, PA / 623 |
| 268. | 12.24 | Marion Heights, PA / 590 |
| 269. | 12.24 | Troxelville, PA / 199 |
| 270. | 12.24 | Beurys Lake, PA / 180 |
| 271. | 12.23 | Falmouth, PA / 435 |
| 272. | 12.23 | Freeburg, PA / 621 |
| 273. | 12.23 | Schaefferstown, PA / 647 |
| 274. | 12.23 | Shamokin, PA / 7,447 |
| 275. | 12.22 | Berwick, PA / 10,581 |
| 276. | 12.21 | Beaver Springs, PA / 693 |
| 277. | 12.20 | Dalmatia, PA / 619 |
| 278. | 12.19 | West Fairview, PA / 1,126 |
| 279. | 12.19 | Burnham, PA / 2,153 |
| 280. | 12.18 | Elizabethville, PA / 1,618 |
| 281. | 12.17 | Laurelton, PA / 218 |
| 282. | 12.17 | New Columbus, PA / 225 |
| 283. | 12.16 | Beavertown, PA / 1,357 |
| 284. | 12.15 | New Market, PA / 840 |
| 285. | 12.14 | Aristes, PA / 290 |
| 286. | 12.14 | Mexico, PA / 538 |
| 287. | 12.14 | Dauberville, PA / 793 |
| 288. | 12.13 | Lavelle, PA / 905 |
| 289. | 12.13 | Beaver Meadows, PA / 809 |
| 290. | 12.12 | Bernville, PA / 955 |
| 291. | 12.12 | Berrysburg, PA / 375 |
| 292. | 12.12 | Mcadoo, PA / 2,468 |
| 293. | 12.11 | Marshallton, PA / 1,674 |
| 294. | 12.11 | Washingtonville, PA / 225 |
| 295. | 12.11 | West Hamburg, PA / 2,008 |
| 296. | 12.11 | Hazleton, PA / 24,877 |
| 297. | 12.10 | Light Street, PA / 1,069 |
| 298. | 12.10 | Palo Alto, PA / 1,038 |
| 299. | 12.10 | Tuscarora, PA / 825 |
| 300. | 12.09 | West Hazleton, PA / 4,410 |
| 301. | 12.09 | Liverpool, PA / 851 |
| 302. | 12.09 | Wellsville, PA / 207 |
| 303. | 12.08 | Middleburg, PA / 1,757 |
| 304. | 12.08 | Orangeville, PA / 537 |
| 305. | 12.08 | Lewistown, PA / 8,422 |
| 306. | 12.08 | Renningers, PA / 559 |
| 307. | 12.08 | Mount Aetna, PA / 416 |
| 308. | 12.07 | Milroy, PA / 1,287 |
| 309. | 12.07 | Mahanoy City, PA / 4,235 |
| 310. | 12.06 | Atlas, PA / 870 |
| 311. | 12.06 | Mount Carbon, PA / 100 |
| 312. | 12.05 | Saint Clair, PA / 3,037 |
| 313. | 12.02 | Glen Lyon, PA / 2,024 |
| 314. | 12.02 | Nittany, PA / 871 |
| 315. | 12.02 | Jacksonville, PA / 101 |
| 316. | 12.00 | Hublersburg, PA / 50 |
| 317. | 11.98 | Trevorton, PA / 2,178 |
| 318. | 11.96 | Ashland, PA / 2,890 |
| 319. | 11.96 | Lamar, PA / 712 |
| 320. | 11.95 | Mohrsville, PA / 327 |
| 321. | 11.94 | Tharptown, PA / 408 |
| 322. | 11.94 | Oberlin, PA / 595 |
| 323. | 11.93 | Shickshinny, PA / 868 |
| 324. | 11.91 | Rohrsburg, PA / 111 |
| 325. | 11.91 | Mcalisterville, PA / 984 |
| 326. | 11.91 | Friedensburg, PA / 790 |
| 327. | 11.90 | Shartlesville, PA / 495 |
| 328. | 11.89 | Lebanon, PA / 25,412 |
| 329. | 11.89 | Fairview-Ferndale, PA / 1,915 |
| 330. | 11.88 | Granville, PA / 356 |
| 331. | 11.88 | Sunbury, PA / 10,042 |
| 332. | 11.87 | Halifax, PA / 699 |
| 333. | 11.86 | Seltzer, PA / 296 |
| 334. | 11.85 | Woodward, PA / 145 |
| 335. | 11.83 | New Ringgold, PA / 303 |
| 336. | 11.82 | Ranshaw, PA / 562 |
| 337. | 11.82 | Blain, PA / 199 |
| 338. | 11.81 | Rehrersburg, PA / 436 |
| 339. | 11.81 | Lumber City CDP, PA / 227 |
| 340. | 11.80 | Nuremberg, PA / 373 |
| 341. | 11.79 | Mckeansburg, PA / 172 |
| 342. | 11.79 | Middleport, PA / 421 |
| 343. | 11.78 | Bethel, PA / 428 |
| 344. | 11.77 | Locustdale, PA / 79 |
| 345. | 11.76 | Cumbola, PA / 394 |
| 346. | 11.76 | York Haven, PA / 699 |
| 347. | 11.76 | Mifflin, PA / 500 |
| 348. | 11.74 | Heckscherville, PA / 289 |
| 349. | 11.74 | Oneida, PA / 184 |
| 350. | 11.72 | Gilberton, PA / 833 |
| 351. | 11.72 | Jamison City, PA / 105 |
| 352. | 11.72 | Shenandoah, PA / 5,161 |
| 353. | 11.71 | Weston, PA / 350 |
| 354. | 11.71 | Iola, PA / 181 |
| 355. | 11.70 | Brandonville, PA / 172 |
| 356. | 11.69 | Wiconisco, PA / 972 |
| 357. | 11.69 | Laporte, PA / 457 |
| 358. | 11.67 | Shoemakersville, PA / 1,487 |
| 359. | 11.65 | Tremont, PA / 1,691 |
| 360. | 11.64 | Hopeland, PA / 654 |
| 361. | 11.63 | Gratz, PA / 672 |
| 362. | 11.60 | Schoeneck, PA / 861 |
| 363. | 11.59 | Auburn, PA / 667 |
| 364. | 11.59 | Penns Creek, PA / 512 |
| 365. | 11.56 | Landisburg, PA / 193 |
| 366. | 11.54 | Port Trevorton, PA / 784 |
| 367. | 11.53 | Donaldson, PA / 362 |
| 368. | 11.52 | Wagner, PA / 122 |
| 369. | 11.49 | Frystown, PA / 541 |
| 370. | 11.47 | Branch Dale, PA / 262 |
| 371. | 11.46 | Longfellow, PA / 189 |
| 372. | 11.45 | Briar Creek, PA / 536 |
| 373. | 11.39 | Hartleton, PA / 265 |
| 374. | 11.37 | Fort Indiantown Gap, PA / 120 |
| 375. | 11.29 | Port Clinton, PA / 381 |
| 376. | 11.16 | Strodes Mills, PA / 677 |
| 377. | 11.15 | Kapp Heights, PA / 631 |
| 378. | 11.04 | Stevens, PA / 855 |
| 379. | 10.97 | Hebron, PA / 1,333 |
| 380. | 10.84 | Jonestown, PA / 191 |
| 381. | 10.46 | Siglerville, PA / 85 |
| 382. | 10.38 | Schubert, PA / 183 |
| 383. | 10.30 | Barrville, PA / 129 |
Please note that we only rank locations with 'Average Education Index' data. The rank above might not be a complete list. Locations without 'Average Education Index' data are not listed.
*ACS stands for U.S. Census American Community Survey. According to the U.S. Census, if the date is a range, you can interpret the data as an average of the period of time.